A Very Big Branch: The Executive Branch
We’ve Got a Job to Do
The job of the executive branch is to carry out the laws that the
legislative branch passes. When you think of the executive branch,
you probably think of the president. But the president is only the
head of the executive branch. He is like the tip of the iceberg:
underneath, there is a giant organization with lots of people doing
many different jobs. In fact, the executive branch is the largest
branch of our government!
Help From Many
Most of the executive branch is made up of departments and independent
agencies. Departments are the main organizations in the executive branch.
There are 15 departments. Each one focuses on a specific type of activity such
as education, transportation, defense, or energy. Each department has smaller
agencies that do specific jobs. For example, the Department of Justice (DOJ)
operates our justice system and works to prevent crime. Two agencies inside
the DOJ are the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA). The FBI investigates certain kinds of crimes,
while the DEA deals with crime related to drugs and controlled substances.
The president appoints a secretary to lead each department. (But the
head of the Department of Justice is called the Attorney General). These
secretaries do more than just lead a department. They are the president’s
cabinet—a group of people that give advice to help the president make
important decisions. Officials who hold these cabinet-level positions such
as the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Education, or the Secretary
of Homeland Security, are very important players in the executive branch.
Independent agencies are government organizations that
also focus on specific issues, but they are different from
departments because they are independent of the
president’s control. Instead, these agencies are controlled by
a board or commission. The president can appoint someone
to the board or commission but cannot remove them.
Carrying Out Laws: Enforcement
What does it mean to “carry out” a law? That depends on the kind of law that
needs to be carried out. Some laws make things illegal and describe
consequences for those who do those things. Executive agencies enforce the
law when someone isn’t following it. There are several things an agency can
do to enforce a law:
*Educate the public about new laws
*Monitor the public to make sure laws are being followed
*Catch individuals or organizations not following the law
*Take the offenders to court
*Follow any other enforcement procedures the agency may have
Carrying Out Laws: Regulations
Other laws are just instructions about something that must be done, such as
installing new security procedures at the nation’s airports. A law like this will
not include every last detail about how it should be carried out. Instead, the
law will authorize the executive branch to decide these details. The rules the
executive branch makes about how the law will be carried out are called
regulations. Regulations have power similar to laws. Some regulations make
activity illegal, and others give instructions for how something must be done.
Agencies Enforce and Regulate
Most departments and agencies both enforce laws and make
regulations. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) is an independent agency whose goal is to protect the
environment and human health. It carries out laws passed by
Congress, such as the Clean Air Act that is designed to limit air
pollution. The Clean Air Act authorizes the EPA to set limits on
how much pollution can be put into the air. To do this, the EPA
issues regulations that say exactly how much pollution vehicles,
factories, and other sources can put into the air. The EPA then
works to enforce these regulations. Violating them can result in
penalties.
Maintaining Order and Safety
We depend on many parts of the executive branch to keep us safe and
to keep order. For example, the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) is responsible for protecting the United States against all kinds
of threats. It includes agencies that deal with terrorism, natural
disasters, and border protection. It also includes the Secret Service,
whose agents protect the president and vice president and their
families. Inside the DHS, the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) responds to natural disasters to help people get the help they
need in an orderly way. The Coast Guard, also part of DHS, patrols our
nation’s coastlines to watch for threats and help boats in distress.
The Department of Defense (DoD) is the biggest department. It
includes all the military departments such as the Army, Navy, and
Air Force, as well as many other agencies. Together, all the parts
of the Department of Defense work together to make sure our
armed forces are prepared to protect our nation’s security.
Busy, Busy
Remember that most of the day-to-day activity in the executive branch
involves ordinary people doing the work that needs to be done: an FBI
agent conducts an investigation, a soldier participates in training exercises,
or a worker monitors a nuclear reactor at an energy plant. The executive
branch needs people to answer phones, program computers, file papers,
do scientific research, process mail, fly airplanes, and clean bathrooms. In
fact, the federal government is the nation’s largest employer, and most of
those jobs are in the executive branch.
No comments:
Post a Comment